Exploring Refractive Errors: What is Degenerative Myopia?

Causes of Degenerative Myopia

Degenerative myopia affects a small percentage of the population, approximately 3%. It usually begins in childhood, much like standard nearsightedness. The primary cause is the abnormal lengthening of the eye, leading to the weakening of the retina and other tissues at the eye's back. This elongation causes a gradual deterioration in vision over time. 

In addition, there's a hereditary factor to consider. A family history of degenerative myopia significantly increases the likelihood of developing it. Therefore, regular eye examinations from an early age are crucial for those with a family history, ensuring early detection and effective management. 

Symptoms of Degenerative Myopia

Due to the damage it causes to the back of the eye, degenerative myopia manifests in several distinct symptoms that can disrupt your daily activities. Some of these symptoms include: 

1. Consistent Blurred Vision: Blurriness persists despite the use of glasses or contact lenses. 

2. Visual Distortions: Straight lines may appear wavy, a sign of changes in the retina. 

3. Central Vision Gaps: Gaps in the central field of vision are common, making it difficult to see objects directly in front of you. 

4. Visual Anomalies: Seeing floaters (small, shadowy shapes) or flashes of light in your vision can also indicate degenerative myopia. 

5. Daily Task Difficulty: Tasks that require clear vision, like reading or driving, become more challenging. 

Experiencing any of these symptoms should prompt a visit to an eye care professional for a thorough evaluation. Early treatment can effectively manage these symptoms and protect your vision. 

Eye Conditions Associated with Degenerative Myopia

Degenerative myopia can lead to various serious eye problems due to the damage it causes to the back of the eye. Some of the most common complications include: 

Myopic Maculopathy

This serious vision-threatening condition, also known as myopic macular degeneration, includes symptoms like retinal bleeding, layer splitting, detachment, or macular holes. Myopic maculopathy can arise from degenerative myopia and often requires surgery to treat. 

Peripapillary Atrophy

This complication involves degeneration around the optic nerve and may signal glaucoma, particularly if the affected area enlarges over time. Peripapillary atrophy appears as thin areas of tissue that may be white, yellow, or black. 

Retinal Tears and Retinal Detachment 

Retinal tears can occur due to trauma or surgery and may lead to retinal detachment, a serious condition that can cause permanent vision loss or blindness. Retinal detachment happens when the retina lifts away from the back of the eye. These conditions can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness and require immediate surgical attention. Key signs include sudden light flashes, new floaters, shadows in peripheral vision, or a gray curtain across your vision. 

Glaucoma

A major cause of irreversible blindness, glaucoma occurs due to an imbalance in the production and drainage of eye fluid. This incorrect drainage increases intraocular pressure, damaging the optic nerve. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment. 

Diagnosis and Treatment for Degenerative Myopia

Our optometrists at Nationwide Vision can diagnose degenerative myopia through comprehensive eye exams, focusing on the retina. While there's no cure, we aim to manage its effects and prevent further damage to the retina. Available treatments include: 

Anti-VEGF Therapy

The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. In some cases, overproduction of VEGF leads to the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, risking low vision or blindness. Anti-VEGF medications like Avastin, Lucentis, and Eylea target VEGF, controlling the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, either slowing or potentially improving vision loss. 

Vitreoretinal Eye Surgery

These surgeries, targeting deeper eye parts, can help in restoring and preserving vision for affected patients. Vitreoretinal eye surgeries use lasers or conventional surgical instruments to correct issues in the vitreous or retina and are effective in restoring, preserving, and enhancing vision impacted by degenerative myopia.  

Photodynamic Therapy 

This less common treatment uses a light-activated drug to seal off abnormal blood vessels, preventing further vision deterioration. Photodynamic therapy creates blood clots to stop blood vessel growth and is a valuable option for patients experiencing gradual vision loss.